Devices & Edge
Custom hardware, sensors/actuators, PLCs; gateway provides protocol bridging (Modbus/OPC UA→MQTT), buffering, and local logic.
Ingestion
Secure uplink via MQTT/HTTPS into a broker; device identity with X.509/PKI.
Processing
Real-time rules, anomaly detection, and routing to storage; commands back to devices (downlink).
Storage
Time-series DB for live dashboards; data lake/warehouse for analytics and ML.
Applications
Operator HMI, web/mobile UIs, and dashboards with role-based access; digital-twin APIs for current state/control.
Enterprise Integration
Two-way workflows with business and operations systems, notifications, and audit trails.